Biblia (z gr. lp biblion - księga, lm biblia - księgi), Pismo Święte, jest zbiorem ksiąg żydowskich i chrześcijańskich, które uznawane są za natchnione przez Boga. Biblia i poszczególne jej części posiadają odmienne religijne znaczenie zarówno dla judaizmu jak i wyznań chrześcijańskich.

Na chrześcijańską Biblię składają się Stary Testament i Nowy Testament.

Kanon


Na przestrzeni dziejów kanon ksiąg wchodzących w skład Biblii zmieniał się w obrębie każdej z wielkich religii monoteistycznych. Dotyczy to w szczególności chrześcijaństwa, w którego łonie bardzo długo trwały dysputy na temat kanonu, zarówno jeśli chodzi o Stary, jak i Nowy Testament. Pierwsze zatwierdzenie kanonu nastąpiło w 397 roku na Soborze Kartagińskim, który ostatecznie odrzucił część ksiąg krążących jako listy i ewangelie, zwane obecnie apokryfami lub pseudoepigrafami.

Kanon biblijny w wersji katolickiej, został potwierdzony na Soborze Trydenckim w 1546 roku. Protestanci odrzucili z kanonu przyjętego w Kartaginie tzw. księgi deuterokanoniczne (które nazywają apokryfami). Ksiąg tych nie uznają także żydzi.



Stary Testament

Na Stary Testament składają się, w zależności od podziału ksiąg prorockich, 44 lub 47 ksiąg, z czego kanon żydowski i większość niekatolickich wyznań chrześcijańskich uznaje tylko 39 ksiąg.

Księgi te powstawały w okresie od XII do II wieku p.n.e. Część badaczy uważa jednak, że powstawały one od XIII a nawet XV wieku p.n.e. do V wieku p.n.e. Księgi prorockie, jak się sądzi, powstały w IX-VI wieku p.n.e., a księgi deuterokanoniczne powstały prawdopodobnie w II wieku p.n.e. Według opinii niektórych badaczy najstarsze są Psalmy 90 i prawdopodobnie 91, Księga Hioba i Księgi Mojżeszowe.

Treścią ksiąg Starego Testamentu jest historia i dziedzictwo narodu izraelskiego. Zostały one pierwotnie spisane w języku hebrajskim, aramejskim i greckim (koine).

Księgi Starego Testamentu dzieli się na:

* księgi historyczne
* księgi prorockie
* księgi dydaktyczne

Według innego podziału są to: Pięcioksiąg (hebr. Tora), Prorocy (hebr. Newiim) i Pisma (hebr. Ketuwim).

Dla judaizmu najważniejsza jest najstarsza część Biblii - pięcioksiąg Mojżeszowy, zwany również Torą, na który składają się księgi:

* Rodzaju
* Wyjścia
* Kapłańska
* Liczb
* Powtórzonego Prawa

Pięcioksiąg Mojżeszowy opisuje powstanie świata, losy Żydów od czasów Abrahama aż do powrotu z Egiptu do Palestyny, oraz - co dla żydów jest najważniejsze - podstawowe zasady judaizmu, od sposobu sprawowania kultu i obchodzenia świąt, po szczegółowe zasady odżywiania się i ubioru.

Dla judaizmu i islamu święte są także wszystkie pozostałe księgi Starego Testamentu, z tak zwanego kanonu hebrajskiego, obejmującego w sumie 39 ksiąg (według podziału hebrajskiego prorocy mniejsi i niektóre inne księgi stanowią całość i dlatego kanon żydowski tradycyjnie liczy 24 księgi). Są to oprócz Tory:

Księgi proroków:

* Jozuego
* Sędziów
* Samuela (2 księgi)
* Królów (2 księgi)
* Izajasza
* Jeremiasza
* Ezechiela
* Dwunastu proroków (Ozeasza, Joela, Amosa, Abdiasza, Jonasz, Micheasza, Nahuma, Habakuka, Sofoniasza, Aggeusza, Zachariasza, Malachiasza)

W księgach proroków są zawarte wszystkie kolejne proroctwa - czyli zgodnie z tradycją treści, które prorocy na zlecenie Boga przekazywali wiernym. Często znajdują się tam również opisy dziejów poszczególnych proroków.

Księgi hagiograficzne:

* Psalmów
* Przysłów
* Hioba
* Pieśń nad pieśniami
* Rut
* Lamentacji
* Kaznodziei
* Estery
* Daniela
* Ezdrasza
* Nehemiasza
* Kronik (2 księgi)

Księgi hagiograficzne dzielą się na księgi poetyckie, będące zbiorami pieśni, przysłów, kazań i poematów, które uznano za święte, oraz księgi o charakterze historyczno-legendarnym opisujące dzieje osób, które były dla żydów ważne ze względów religijnych, ale nie zostały uznane za proroków.



Nowy Testament


Dla chrześcijan, uznających świętość Starego Testamentu, największe znaczenie ma jednak Nowy Testament spisany w języku greckim, w latach 41 - 98 n.e. Treścią Nowego Testamentu jest życie i nauka głoszona przez Jezusa, a także dzieje pierwszych gmin chrześcijańskich.

Na Nowy Testament złożony z 27 ksiąg, składają się:

* Cztery Ewangelie - opisy życia Jezusa Chrystusa:
o Ewangelie Synoptyczne:
+ Ewangelia Mateusza
+ Ewangelia Marka
+ Ewangelia Łukasza
o Ewangelia Jana
* Dzieje Apostolskie - opisy życia apostołów po wniebowstąpienia Jezusa
* księgi dydaktyczne - zbiór listów pisanych przez apostołów:
o 14 listów Pawła z Tarsu
o 7 listów powszechnych
* oraz Apokalipsa, zwana też Objawieniem Jana - księga prorocza, której autorstwo przypisuje się Janowi Apostołowi.

Judaizm i islam odrzucają Nowy Testament w całości, chociaż islam uważa Jezusa Chrystusa za proroka, a Koran powtarza niektóre opisy Ewangelii.

The Book of Acts

Main Page


Chapter 7



1: Then said the high priest, Are these things so?

2: And he said, Men, brethren, and fathers, hearken; The God of glory appeared unto our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Charran,

3: And said unto him, Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall shew thee.
Gen 12:1

4: Then came he out of the land of the Chaldaeans, and dwelt in Charran: and from thence, when his father was dead, he removed him into thisland, wherein ye now dwell.

5: And he gave him none inheritance in it, no, not so much as to set his foot on: yet he promised that he would give it to him for a possession, and to his seed after him, when as yet he had no child.
Gen 13:15

6: And God spake on this wise, That his seed should sojourn in a strange land; and that they should bring them into bondage, and entreatthem evil four hundred years.
Gen 15:13

7: And the nation to whom they shall be in bondage will I judge, said God: and after that shall they come forth, and serve me in this place.
Gen 15:14,16

8: And he gave him the covenant of circumcision: and so Abraham begat Isaac, and circumcised him the eighth day; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs.

9: And the patriarchs, moved with envy, sold Joseph into Egypt: but God was with him,

10: And delivered him out of all his afflictions, and gave him favour and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt; and he made himgovernor over Egypt and all his house.

11: Now there came a dearth over all the land of Egypt and Chanaan, and great affliction: and our fathers found no sustenance.

12: But when Jacob heard that there was corn in Egypt, he sent out our fathers first.

13: And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brethren; and Joseph's kindred was made known unto Pharaoh.

14: Then sent Joseph, and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, threescore and fifteen souls.

15: So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he, and our fathers,

16: And were carried over into Sychem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Emmor the father of Sychem.

17: But when the time of the promise drew nigh, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt,

18: Till another king arose, which knew not Joseph.
19: The same dealt subtilly with our kindred, and evil entreated our fathers, so that they cast out their youngchildren, to the end they might not live.

20: In which time Moses was born, and was exceeding fair, and nourished up in his father's house three months:

21: And when he was cast out, Pharaoh's daughter took him up, and nourished him for her own son.

22: And Moses was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians, and was mighty in words and in deeds.

23: And when he was full forty years old, it came into his heart to visit his brethren the children of Israel.

24: And seeing one of them suffer wrong, he defended him, and avenged him that was oppressed, and smote the Egyptian:

25: For he supposed his brethren would have understood how that God by his hand woulddeliver them: but they understood not.

26: And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, and would have set them at one again, saying, Sirs, ye are brethren;why do ye wrong one to another?

27: But he that did his neighbour wrong thrust him away, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge over us?
Exod 2:14

28: Wilt thou kill me, as thou diddest the Egyptian yesterday?
Exod 2:14

29: Then fled Moses at this saying, and was a stranger in the land of Madian, where he begattwo sons.

30: And when forty years were expired, there appeared to him in the wilderness of mount Sina an angel of the Lord in a flame of fire in a bush.

31: When Moses saw it, he wondered at the sight: and as he drew near to behold it, the voice of the LORD came unto him,

32: Saying, I am the God of thy fathers, the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. Then Moses trembled, and durst not behold.
Ex 3:6 Matt 22:32Mark 12:26Luke 20:37

33: Then said the Lord to him, Put off thy shoes from thy feet: for the place where thou standest is holy ground.
Exod 3:5

34: I have seen, I have seen the affliction of my people which is in Egypt, and I have heard their groaning, and am come down to deliver them. And now come, I will send thee into Egypt.
Exod 3:7,8,10

35: This Moses whom they refused, saying, Who made thee a ruler and a judge? the same did God send to be a ruler and a deliverer by the hand of the angel which appeared to him in the bush.
Exod 2:14

36: He brought them out, after that he had shewed wonders and signs in the land of Egypt, and in the Red sea, and in the wilderness forty years.

37: This is that Moses, which said unto the children of Israel, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear.
Deut 18:18

38: This is he, that was in the church in the wilderness with the angel which spake to him in the mount Sina, and with our fathers: who receivedthe lively oracles to give unto us:

39: To whom our fathers would not obey, but thrust him from them, and in their hearts turned back again into Egypt,

40: Saying unto Aaron,
Make us gods to go before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot notwhat is become of him.
Exod 32:1

41: And they made a calf in those days, and offered sacrifice unto the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their own hands.

42: Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness?
Amos 5:25

43: Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.
Amos 5:26,27

44: Our fathers had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness, as he had appointed, speakingunto Moses, that he should make it according to the fashion that he had seen.
Exod 25:4026:30Heb 8:5

45: Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of theGentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David;

46: Who found favour before God, and desired to find a tabernacle for the God of Jacob.

47: But Solomon built him an house.

48: Howbeit the most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands; as saith the prophet,

49: Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool: what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what isthe place of my rest?
Isa 66:1

50: Hath not my hand made all these things?
Isa 66:2

51: Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye.

52: Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they have slain them which shewed before of the coming of the Just One; of whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers:

53: Who have received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it.

54: When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed on him with their teeth.

55: But he, being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up stedfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God,

56: And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God.

57: Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and ran upon him with one accord,

58: And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man's feet, whose name was Saul.

59: And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.

60: And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this,he fell asleep.
Acts 8


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